In 1900 Robert C. Spencer described his friend and colleague Frank Lloyd Wright as the man who “despising the easy and common way and at ease instead among the splendor of the forests and flowering prairies of his country, has given a very intelligent interpretation of the present meaning of architecture”.
10 Frank Lloyd Wright houses to visit in the United States
Amidst endless prairies, arid deserts and residential suburbs, Wright’s houses are an enthusiastic hymn to life and to a living ideal of free, empathetic and enveloping space in perfect accord with the natural elements.
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- Chiara Testoni
- 19 April 2022
In effect, Wright re-founded American design culture, clearing away the “style” regurgitations to coin an original lexicon focused on one great objective: establishing a worthy and balanced relationship among artifice, technology and nature. Hence the genesis of his thought, extraordinarily precursor of the times in relation to the themes of environmental sustainability and the relationship with the context, which is realized in the residential field through the “prairie houses” (Robie House): houses in total harmony with the landscape, made of low and minimal volumes and overhanging roofs often exorbitant, to suggest the idea that the house is an organic space in tune with the rhythms of man and the seasons (Taliesin West, Fallingwater). With the conception of the “Usonian” houses from the 30s onwards Wright arrives at a version of living more affordable for the “middle class”, because in his vision of “democratic” architecture he did not conceive that the quality of living was the prerogative of the few: typically, residences with a regular plan, free and flexible, with a single floor, with simple and natural materials (Hanna-Honeycomb House, Rosenbaum House, Cedar Rock, Kentuck Knob, Muirhead Farmhouse).
A seventy-year-long work, from deserts to mountains, from metropolis to forests, among millionaires and the middle class to signify that, as the architect said, “the result of the art of building should be a poetic serenity rather than a deadly “efficiency””. Many of Wright’s homes have disappeared today, some are privately owned, others are accessible to the public. Below, a brief journey through the works, which can be visited, of a man and his dreams.
It all started here: the home/studio that Wright designed when he was only 22 years old, the first building conceived in total creative autonomy. Built in the shingle style that was popular on the East Coast at the time and inspired by colonial tastes, the work features an asymmetrical facade, a large veranda and external envelopes in wood “shingles”. Despite the still immature language, the building contains the germ of a revolutionary thought and openly critical of the rigidity and pretentiousness of Victorian houses, preferring a free plan and a more gentle and sustainable relationship with the natural environment: these are the founding elements of future prairie houses.
Robie House is the summa of the precepts that Wright elaborated in the first decade of the twentieth century around the theme of the prairie houses, the model of the house conceived in explicit negation of the magniloquent and affected language of neoclassicism then prevailing: a house that anticipates the attention for environmental sustainability, made of lowered volumes, wraparound and protective roofs, straightforward and natural materials (such as wood and brick), free plan, absence of decorative devices and dialectical relationship with the natural context.
Despite the dazzling sunshine and clear skies of California, Wright's time on the West Coast in the 1920s was clouded by gloomy and pensive moods, probably due to troubled personal affairs. The result was a stark and unsettling design language that is embodied in Hollyhock house, a home commissioned by oil heiress, philanthropist and socialite Aline Barnsdall in the East Hollywood neighborhood. The building refers explicitly to pre-Columbian culture, with massive concrete blocks, bas-reliefs and decorations in the style of an "Aztec temple" (without sacrificial altars, at least at first glance).
Wright said that “Taliesin West is a look over the rim of the world.” In fact, it is a reality in its own right that claims its own autonomy from the ordinary and often overwhelming gears that govern daily life. Here, in the desert, the architect conceived his buen retiro from the rigid winters of the Mid-West and from the convulsive metropolitan rhythms, as well as a laboratory for training and experimentation for his students. The work was almost all built by the master and his apprentices and is inspired entirely by the desert landscape, with low volumes framed by redwood beams and native materials such as rock, concrete mixed with local materials and desert sand. Today it is the home of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation.
The Hanna-Honeycomb House, named for its hexagonal plan and the first non-rectangular building Wright designed, was a simple, functional, and affordable middle-class design. The 1.5-acre lot included a guest house, hobby space, storage, double garage and garden shed. In keeping with the Usonian style, the homey, family-oriented aura of the horizontal volume building is provided by straightforward, natural materials such as wood and brick and by flexible, light-filled rooms with floor-to-ceiling windows that punctuate the elevations. Today the building is owned by Stanford University.
Wright said that “if you listen to the sound of Fallingwater you hear the stillness of the countryside”. And indeed, there is nothing more wonderfully intimate and pacifying than finding, nestled comfortably in the protection of a home retreat, the sounds of the forest. Nestled among the hills of Mill Run on the natural waterfall of Bear Run, the house with its disruptive cantilevered volumes clad in quarry stone is a passionate declaration of love by the designer to Nature and underlies a relentless search for a balance between Man, technology and landscape.
If one thinks of the Usonian architecture that depicted houses conceived specifically for the American middle class, small in size, simple but elegant and moderately priced, one cannot but remember Rosenbaum House, the only one designed by the master in Alabama and which embodies all the characteristics of this "style": "L" plan, single level, functional and flexible distribution, full-height windows, furniture incorporated into the structures and simple and natural materials such as wood and brick. After the death of the owners, it was purchased by the municipality of Florence and today houses a museum.
Under the banner of gesamtkunstwerk (total work of art), nothing was left to chance in this small house commissioned by a wealthy local family, from the design of the architecture to the furnishings and tableware (all designed by Wright). The building is a clear example of a single-level Usonian house, with flat roofs with projecting and protective pitches, an open and flexible floor plan, brick walls, wood window frames, full-height windows, and concrete floors. After the owner's death, the house was donated to the state of Iowa, which still retains ownership.
Designed at the ripe old age of 86 by the master, Kentuck Knob was one of the last houses Wright built. In the style of the Usonian, the single-story house with its vast cantilevered flat roofs of copper sheeting contrasting with the neutral tone of the natural stone of the walls, free-standing interiors finished in sandstone and North Carolina red cypress wood, the house has the peculiarity of a hexagonal plan but the usual recognizable grace in blending delicately into the natural landscape.
The house, the only farmhouse Wright ever designed, is in effect a ranch set on an 800-acre prairie, in the style of the Usonian lexicon that here employs squared volumes on a single level, generous flat roofs with massive brick walls, concrete finishes mixed with local materials and Tidewater red cypress. The building, which has undergone several renovations, is still owned by the family, which makes it visitable at certain times of the year.