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URBZ: Crowdsourcing the city

Rahul Srivastava and Matias Sendoa Echanove believe that the best way to improve the future of cities is to empower their inhabitants through design.

"A city, alas," wrote Charles Baudelaire, lamenting the cataclysmic transfigurations sweeping through mid-19th century Paris, "changes more quickly than man's heart may change." And nowhere is the shape of the city today undergoing more rapid and intense transformation than in the financial capitals of Asia's emerging economies. These cities, unlike the scores of new multi-million-inhabitant urban agglomerations of China, or new-build exurban extensions such as South Korea's Songdo New City and Noida, not far from New Delhi, do not occupy greenfield tabula rasa. Their fabric is the product of stratification, compromise, adaptation and ingenuity, and the predictable consequences of the sudden arrival of capital are spectacular acts of erasure, negotiated for the most part behind the closed doors of boardrooms and planning departments. The fate of vast swathes of the city – of entire communities and economies, the urban equivalents of bodily organs – can come to rest on semantics, definitions and subtle questions of representation.

In the battlefield that is the contemporary city, every cartographic technique – from Street View to municipal charts, and from gis to OpenStreetMap – possesses a politics of its own, whether deliberate or inadvertent. Enter the word Dharavi into the search box of Google Maps, and you'll find yourself abruptly catapulted into what appears to be a large patch of light yellow nothingness wedged between two suburban railway lines in central Mumbai. In this yellow-tinted cartographic void, the surrounding tangle of roads melts away and detail is conspicuously absent. As large patches of nothingness go, one quickly notes that this one is strategically positioned – a stone's throw from the Bandra-Kurla Complex, an area which after decades of northward expansion has become the city's financial and commercial epicentre, and just as close to many of the city's most important commuter hubs. Switch over to satellite view, however, and the scene unexpectedly transforms – the bland void is replaced by a speckled, irregular carpet of urbanity teeming with life.

The street bazaar
on Mahatma Gandhi Road
in Dharavi is always a hive
of activity — The street bazaar on Mahatma Gandhi Road in Dharavi is always a hive of activity

Dharavi is revealed for what it is: one of Mumbai's districts, home to several hundred thousand residents and nearly as many small but vibrant businesses, tightly-packed workshops, crowded basement factories, ceaselessly industrious enterprises, liminal ateliers suspended in a spatial limbo between inside and outside, hi-tech print labs juxtaposed with low-tech tool shops and countless miniscule grocers—not to mention over one hundred places of worship. This throbbing, pulsating urban landscape is often characterised as Asia's largest slum, hemmed in on all sides by some of the most valuable real estate in India's financial capital. But it is unique only in its strategic position. Otherwise, it is emblematic of how half the city's population lives.

High-rise housing projects
built under the Slum
Rehabilitation Authority
are slowly replacing
locally developed low rise
settlements — High-rise housing projects built under the Slum Rehabilitation Authority are slowly replacing locally developed low rise settlements

Zoom in towards block No. 4/6/12, past the railway lines, and the headquarters of what is probably Dharavi's only resident design practice spring into focus. Not that it is in any way discernable from its surroundings, since urbz resides on the top floor of a typical three-storey structure, the uneven product – like its neighbours – of several decades of incremental growth and unabated adaptation. Accessing the office involves scaling several narrow, uneven flights of stairs, then clambering up a near-vertical metal ladder.

For urbz, Dharavi is a kind of laboratory where a new bottom-up, self-organisational approach to urban design can be bred

Work proceeding on
the construction project
in Shivaji Nagar with
contractor Babu Bhai. Highquality
rmc was delivered in
small quantities to unplanned
low-rise, high-density
neighbourhoods such as
Rafiq Nagar (Deonar) — Work proceeding on the construction project in Shivaji Nagar with contractor Babu Bhai. Highquality rmc was delivered in small quantities to unplanned low-rise, high-density neighbourhoods such as Rafiq Nagar (Deonar)

Dharavi is home to between half a million and one million people – no one is really sure of the exact figure since no recent and reliable demographic statistics exist. A 1986 survey conducted by the National Slum Dwellers Federation counted 530,225 people grouped into 106,045 households, and a total of 80,518 structures, but the numbers have certainly grown since then. If the estimate of half a million to one million inhabitants is correct, its density is somewhere between four and eight times Manhattan's – a reality that is almost unimaginable, to a Western observer at least, if one considers that its buildings are on average three stories high. That Dharavi is a slum, however, is a notion that Matias Sendoa Echanove and Rahul Srivastava, the founders of urbz, resist. Terminology, they point out, like cartography, carries baggage, and defining the district as a slum designates it as a terminally diseased district where demolition and redevelopment is inescapable – a condition that amounts to something of a wet dream for the administration and the city's developers, who are only too aware of the multibillion- euro value of the land it stands on.

urbz members
Matias Echanove and Rahul
Srivastava in Savda Ghevra,
a resettlement colony on the
outskirts of Delhi, studying
local construction processes. — urbz members Matias Echanove and Rahul Srivastava in Savda Ghevra, a resettlement colony on the outskirts of Delhi, studying local construction processes.

Reconsidering it as an infrastructurally underserved urban district, as urbz does, is an attempt to linguistically dodge preconceptions and focus instead on the remarkable potentialities latent in Dharavi's extraordinary socio-urbanistic make-up. As the epicentre of Mumbai's light industry and artisans, it is a phenomenally productive reality in modern Mumbai. One conservative estimate places the annual value of goods produced in Dharavi at 400 million euros, which, if one considers the infrastructural investments (or lack thereof) that went into making it, probably qualifies it as the most efficient and productive district in the city.

<em><a href="http://khotachiwadi.urbz.net" target="_blank">Khotachiwadi</a></em>, 2010 – currently. urbz’s engagement with
Khotachiwadi builds on more
than three years of work
aimed at saving the distinct
personality of this habitat — *Khotachiwadi*, 2010 – currently. urbz’s engagement with Khotachiwadi builds on more than three years of work aimed at saving the distinct personality of this habitat

As if to acknowledge that cities are complex entities that don't lend themselves to generalisations, Echanove, an urbanist of Swiss-Spanish origin, and Srivastava, who studied social and urban anthropology, chose not to lump all their activities under the umbrella of the urbz office. In parallel to urbz they run several activities, among which the Institute of Urbanology, a research centre based in Goa devoted to understanding the incremental developmental processes and daily practices that define the identity of cities such as Bogotá, Tokyo, Istanbul, New York, New Delhi, Goa and Mumbai, yet elude representation through statistics and cartography alone. In contrast to the data-driven approach that has defined efforts to understand cities in recent decades, the practice of "urbanology" relies on understanding and documenting urban ecosystems through direct engagement with people and places – charting homegrown practices in the fields of housing, artisanship and trade, and the physical and theoretical spaces where these fields converge. To make this possible, the "urbanologist" must borrow from the social sciences: "At most times," they write in a text on their blog airoots/eirut, "the urbanologist and the anthropologist are one and the same."

<em>City Makers</em>, Dharavi, 2009. Survey of the district’s
workers. Ramchandra with his
son Lakhan repairing domestic
appliances — *City Makers*, Dharavi, 2009. Survey of the district’s workers. Ramchandra with his son Lakhan repairing domestic appliances

This quasi-anthropological approach towards the observation of urbanity derives largely from the belief that designing for a context such as Dharavi – or any urban condition, for that matter – must necessarily occur with the involvement of its inhabitants, the end users. For urbz, Dharavi is a kind of laboratory where a new bottom-up, self-organisational approach to urban design can be bred. Taking a leaf from Venturi, Scott Brown and Izenour's book, they claim that learning from the existing landscape is a way of being revolutionary. urbz highlights, for example, the contrast between the government's response to the housing crisis, i.e. large-scale production of low-cost housing blocks that quickly turn into vertical slums, and the far more numerous housing units of far better quality being built by contractors and end users at lower prices in Mumbai's many unplanned settlements.

Deepak Kunchikor’s Shaolin
Kung Fu Class at the Shelter,
a community initiative
supported by urbz in Dharavi — Deepak Kunchikor’s Shaolin Kung Fu Class at the Shelter, a community initiative supported by urbz in Dharavi

A specific example offered in support of this thesis, and later the subject of an urbz workshop at Sir JJ College of Architecture, is a house built by contractor Amar Madhukar Nirjankar in the Utkarsh Nagar neighbourhood for 2.5 lakh rupees, or approximately 3,850 euros. In the narrative of urbanology, the contractor is a key character: he condenses into a single persona all those qualities of pragmatism, ingenuity, business savvy and political astuteness that make the machine that is Dharavi tick, despite the absence of any formal planning or infrastructural investment. Echoing David Harvey, Echanove and Srivastava perceive the city in general, and Dharavi in particular, not as the place where the factory exists but rather a factory in itself, in which producer and product are one and the same, and in which the contractor—together with the postindustrial artisan and the hardware dealer—is a vital node in the social structure.

<em>Mumbai Contra-CT</em>, 2011-2012.
Affordable housing seminar
and workshop at Sir JJ
College of Architecture,
where students learn from
local contractors while
working with them in various
neighbourhoods. In the
pictures, contractor Pankaj
Gupta talking to JJ students. Photo by Priyanka Chharia — *Mumbai Contra-CT*, 2011-2012. Affordable housing seminar and workshop at Sir JJ College of Architecture, where students learn from local contractors while working with them in various neighbourhoods. In the pictures, contractor Pankaj Gupta talking to JJ students. Photo by Priyanka Chharia

Echanove and Srivastava are acutely aware that the continued existence of Dharavi, let alone any improvement of its infrastructure and living conditions, depends on how the debate around its future is framed. For its part, despite the well documented productivity of its workshops, the government has squarely defined it an "informal settlement" and placed it in the hands of the Slum Redevelopment Authority, which unsurprisingly announced its intention to raze the district to make way for the development of new real estate. "Dharavi," the municipality asserts, clearly unconcerned about concealing its voracity for developable real estate, "is the opportunity of the millennium." Current inhabitants would be offered some kind of tenure – in most cases tiny apartments, potentially elsewhere – but the vast majority of the enormous profits generated would unquestionably end up in the pockets of the developers. urbz and the Institute of Urbanology counters this with a sort of artistic guerrilla action, disseminating through its blogs perfectly credibly images of Dharavi streetscapes merged with urban vistas of Turin, Tokyo and other cities. The message is clear: since the incremental growth of cities is the default form of urban development all over the world, Dharavi is everywhere, and the problem of integration between new and old cannot be simply swept under the carpet. Joseph Grima (@joseph_grima)

<em>Urban System Studio</em>, Goa, 2011. The workshop was
developed with the Royal
University College of Art,
Stockholm. Pauli and
Solano talk about the local
development of Pilerne village — *Urban System Studio*, Goa, 2011. The workshop was developed with the Royal University College of Art, Stockholm. Pauli and Solano talk about the local development of Pilerne village

<em>Dharavi + The World</em>, Perugia, 2011. The Mashup workshop
revealed the common
hidden dynamics in radically
different urban contexts.
These collages were
produced during an all night
workshop at Festarch. Collage by Chiara Proietti — *Dharavi + The World*, Perugia, 2011. The Mashup workshop revealed the common hidden dynamics in radically different urban contexts. These collages were produced during an all night workshop at Festarch. Collage by Chiara Proietti

<em>Amar’s house</em>, Utkarsh Nagar, Bhandup, 2011. Part of a diagram showing
the construction process for
a two-storey house, including
details of the materials
used, labour time spent and
total cost in rupees. Amar
Madhukar Nirjankar is the
contractor and architect who
oversaw the project — *Amar’s house*, Utkarsh Nagar, Bhandup, 2011. Part of a diagram showing the construction process for a two-storey house, including details of the materials used, labour time spent and total cost in rupees. Amar Madhukar Nirjankar is the contractor and architect who oversaw the project

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URBZ: Crowdsourcing the city

Rahul Srivastava and Matias Sendoa Echanove believe that the best way to improve the future of cities is to empower their inhabitants through design.

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