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Tokyo's vertical thresholds #1: Kazuyo Sejima

Three new projects by Sou Fujimoto, Ryue Nishizawa and Kazuyo Sejima make dramatic use of verticality and spatial theatrics to escape the constrictions of a notoriously dense city.

X–raying the everyday
A good part of the latest projects by Kazuyo Sejima and her followers might possibly be seen as variations on Mies's principle of the plan libre, taken in terms of an open space free from internal structural hindrances. The space itself is emphasised by the transparency of the external walls and the positioning of all vertical supports around the building'speriphery, reducing their structural cross-section to the absolute minimum.

Architecture "made in Japan" has never forgotten to copy Mies. One of many such instances is the replica of the Barcelona Pavilion designed by Yoshio Taniguchi as the entrance to the Kyoto National Museum. In this example, the explicit similarities to the master clearly reveal the complex cultural and ideological journey that led to Taniguchi being preferred over Herzog & de Meuron, Holl, Koolhaas and Ito in the competition for the MoMA renovation in New York (even compared to Taniguchi's Gallery of Horyu-ji Treasures at the Tokyo National Museum, which is so often evoked as a precedent for the American museum's renovation). The outcome of the MoMA competition, held in the late 1990s just as the Guggenheim in Bilbao was opening, was made public with the gallery's reopening at the end of 2004. Thanks to the recognised values of Japanese essentiality (in stark contrast to the Basque monster and many of the archistars' bizarre contrivances), the West was once again able to propose the refined modernism that had been rejected by the masses and by the rediscovery of history and regionalism.

This premise is not intended as an introduction to a discussion about style, but rather serves as a useful springboard for evaluating three recent buildings constructed in Tokyo. Designed by Sou Fujimoto, Ryue Nishizawa and Kazuyo Sejima, they were chosen for this article as examples of how to deal with verticality, a recurring theme and condition of metropolitan life in the Japanese capital.

The plan libre is perhaps one of the few basic concepts of modernism—and certainly the only one of Le Corbusier's famous five points of modern architecture—that has actually taken root and achieved widespread popularity. It is readily visible, for example, in the concept of luxury lofts. Making reference to it here helps to divorce the principle of verticality from the more prosaic desires of "living on the upper floors" or "having a wonderful view", and from other such clichés generally associated with skyscrapers.

The building’s structure
is in steel, and the large
staircases appear to be
curved objects connecting
the two levels: in the
foreground the mezzanine
above the entrance lobby; in
the background the street. — The building’s structure is in steel, and the large staircases appear to be curved objects connecting the two levels: in the foreground the mezzanine above the entrance lobby; in the background the street.

The concept of the plan libre allows one to approach the notion of verticality as a specific architectural typology, in both residential and public applications, and takes into account a series of issues: the relationship between high- and low-rise patterns of building; the encounter between the markedly antiurban aspects of modernist canons and the city of today; and the actual rapport between public and private, individual and collective social structures. In this sense, the three cases presented here have no direct relationship with the former master from Aachen. For them, Reyner Banham's remarks about the modernist houses in Los Angeles designed by Craig Ellwood, Pierre Koenig and the Eameses might be more appropriate. Namely, that "when compared with the works of Mies van der Rohe... these buildings are not monumental steel structures" and thus reveal "a total absence of the heroic style's creative anguish typical of the European modern movement". If anything, as with these Californian Case Study Houses, the genesis of the Japanese buildings under review must also be traced to the evolution of local typologies. In all probability, the features described here have evolved from earlier experiments conducted by architects like Toyo Ito (such as his project for the headquarters of Mikimoto in Ginza, because of its structural perimeter, or maybe even the Sendai Mediatheque, for the use of extremely thin horizontal planes).

Shibaura’s light
framework creates a corner
in the open, double-height
courtyards. They are
enclosed only by netting. — Shibaura’s light framework creates a corner in the open, double-height courtyards. They are enclosed only by netting.

Starting our analysis with Shibaura, it might seem reasonable to associate this building with other recent works by Kazuyo Sejima. Deliberately awkward and disjointed, almost unstable in appearance, these buildings look like the survivors of an earthquake that has shattered the elegantly superimposed, refined and subtly articulated concrete slabs of the Dior boutique in Omotesando, or showered it with the ethereal matte finish that sets it apart. Limiting ourselves to comparisons with the New Museum, where the feeling of instability stems from the trick of haphazardly stacking boxes on top of each other, the dishevelled character of Shibaura emerges by exposing its asymmetric structure. Through a play of double-height volumes, it seems as if this small tower had re-stacked the "boxes" from the American museum, encompassing them within its interior and removing the cladding to show off the inner workings of its lateral bracing systems.

The plan libre is perhaps one of the few basic concepts of modernism—and the only one of Le Corbusier's famous five points of modern architecture—that has actually achieved widespread popularity.

Glimpses of
Tokyo Bay
are visible
between the
buildings. — Glimpses of Tokyo Bay are visible between the buildings.

In reality, the building is structurally very different from its American cousin and is based on an elementary sequence of alternating floors, obtained through the use of double-height volumes accentuated by diagonal beams, which look like a big K when seen from the street. This remarkable simplicity is complemented by the curved shapes cut out of the floors which set up a rhythm of solids and voids, expansions and contractions, lending a very airy appearance to the building. A rudimental familiarity with local building and fire codes helps to explain the other solutions, such as the semispiral staircase and the external openings framed by mullions. The former is required by law to ensure a redundant system of escape routes; the latter to provide adequate air circulation.

The
terraces look
out over a
large busy
boulevard. — The terraces look out over a large busy boulevard.

Taken together, these solutions lead to a purely "vertical" distribution of the programme, again similar to that seen in the New Museum, but used here for a different purpose: to achieve an "assemblage" effect. In this private building, for example, visitors have access to all areas; each place offers a view outside and each place can be seen from the outside as well. It is merely the sum total of the liveability of its floors, internal differences being created by the curved sectioning of the floors to form meeting rooms, terraces, offices and a projection room. This pattern is not rare in the Japanese capital. The building is the headquarters of a printing and publication company, which makes its spaces available for many cultural and children's activities, like a sort of community centre. The corner where it is located is extremely busy (next to one of the case studies surveyed by Yasutaka Yoshimura in his manual to an "extreme understanding" of Tokyo, Super Legal Buildings). Whereas in the mornings and evenings the building remains completely indifferent to the comings and goings of the employees, during the day and on weekends it is animated by the local population, who, granted access on the ground floor, are then taken to the upper storeys where many activities are carried out, "freed from the ground".
[continued]

The room on the ground
floor is an open space used
for various purposes: as
a cafeteria and reading
room during the day, and as
workshops for activities with
the neighbourhood children
on weekends. — The room on the ground floor is an open space used for various purposes: as a cafeteria and reading room during the day, and as workshops for activities with the neighbourhood children on weekends.

Shibaura Building, Tokyo
Design Architects: Kazuyo Sejima & Associates
Design Team: Kazuyo Sejima, Rikiya Yamamoto, Nobuhiro Kitazawa, Satoshi Ikeda
Structural Engineering: Sasaki structural consultants, Mutsuro Sasaki, Toshiaki Kimura, Hideaki Hamada
Construction supervision: Shimizu Corporation Ikeda
Client: Kohkoku Seihan Inc. Ikeda
Built area: 950.61 m.
Design phase: 2008–2010
Construction: 2010–2011

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Tokyo's vertical thresholds #1: Kazuyo Sejima

Three new projects by Sou Fujimoto, Ryue Nishizawa and Kazuyo Sejima make dramatic use of verticality and spatial theatrics to escape the constrictions of a notoriously dense city.

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